Dry thorn forest near Madurai hosts rare butterfly diversity

Madurai: In a surprising find, researchers have recorded a rich diversity of butterflies in the dry, thorny scrub forests of Kodimangalam Reserve Forest near Nagamalai in Madurai district, a habitat where such species are rarely documented.The study identified 86 butterfly species and nearly 47,000 sightings, underscoring the ecological significance of the often-overlooked dry forest landscape. Eight species recorded in the survey are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, including the Hedge Cupid, Crimson Rose and Southern Birdwing. Conducted through regular Pollard Walk surveys, the research documented species richness and distribution in a terrain marked by rocky outcrops, sparse vegetation and seasonal water sources. Despite harsh, dry conditions, the presence of streams, ponds and temporary water bodies in the foothills supports diverse flora and fauna. "Butterflies are sensitive bio-indicators of habitat quality and ecosystem health, offering valuable insights into ecological integrity," said Dr E Joy Sharmila, associate professor and head of the PG and Research Department of Zoology. "While butterfly diversity in moist forests is well documented, little is known about species inhabiting dry thorn scrub ecosystems, which support specialised, drought-adapted species." The study found that small butterflies from the Lycaenidae family, or "blues", were the most abundant, while brush-footed butterflies and whites and yellows were fewer in number. Researchers noted that some species typically associated with lush forests were found thriving in this dry habitat, making the discovery unique. Notably, species such as the Black-spotted Grass Jewel were recorded here but not in nearby forest regions like Alagar Hills and Sirumalai Reserve Forests. Highlighting the importance of such ecosystems, Dr Sharmila said, "Dry forest areas like Nagamalai are often overlooked in conservation efforts. The study also brings attention to the unique biodiversity of the outer regions of the Western Ghats, showing that even dry and less dense forests play a vital role in supporting wildlife. Even in the dry, gravelly terrain, seasonal pond overflows create mud-puddling spots that attract butterflies such as yellows, blues and skippers. Together, these nectar plants and mud-puddling sites play a key role in sustaining butterfly diversity" The survey was carried out by B Archana, a research scholar at The American College, under the guidance of Dr Sharmila.